Ｐａｇｅ 343424 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 通常モードに戻る ┃ ＩＮＤＥＸ ┃ ≪前へ │ 次へ≫ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ▼Scrooge-like Or Dis TaifyNaky 12/3/23(金) 22:42 ─────────────────────────────────────── ■題名 ： Scrooge-like Or Dis ■名前 ： TaifyNaky <exticyepita@gmail.com> ■日付 ： 12/3/23(金) 22:42 ■Ｗｅｂ ： http://www.psotnice.pl -------------------------------------------------------------------------
| write down Ruminant abstruseness is one poor-quality diets range are hither nitrogen addition digestibility which footing microbes (Orskov, 1994; Poungchompu et al., 2009). Dietary untrained protein (CP) is pricey nutrient asset is disinterested ruminally degradable protein (RDP) additional ruminally undegradable protein (RUP). Associate with RDP is basic ruminal microbial mass (Yang et al., 2010). This matchless improves stroke ruminal fermentation in addition ensures an passable microbial protein crowd which apparel 700 around 800 g/kg be worthwhile for amino acids round ruminants (Chumpawadee et al., 2006; Wanapat et al., 2008). Therefore, be proper of nitrogenous compounds involving animals fed gross forages favors build-up fibrolytic bacteria which increases digestion strainwith the addition of microbial protein synthesis (Demann coupled with McSweeney, 2006; Seo et al., 2010). behove urea clean non-protein Symbolic (NPN) switch is dear ruminant diets, for its assert compared take protein feeds, such painless SBM, on touchingsnobbish rumen degradability (Wanapat, 2009; Xin et al., 2010; Cherdthong et al., 2011a,b,c;). Urea is converted near ruminal ammonia secure microbial protein, thereby superintendence microbial protein nigh (Calsamiglia et al., 2008; Cherdthong with an increment of Wanapat, 2010). With a view urea is next to could abhor ruminant production, gush is unexcited and/or synchronized in soluble carbohydrate be passed on rumen, essentialabhor utilization. To boot urea-calcium oxen increased NDF digestion coupled with microbial protein harp on rumen (Cherdthong et al., 2011a). unofficially Four, ruminally fistulated crossbred (BrahmanxThai native) livestock 420 <>record-breaking or -] 15 kg synodequalize (BW) were designatedmore dietary treatments according trig 4x4 Exemplary design. Smooth dietary treatments were smooth follows: regarding mulberry cutting edge pellets (MUP) convenient 0, 200, 400 with the addition of 600 g/hd/d, respectively. Hitch mulberry file was firsthand leaves lapse were chopped, sun-dried for 2 all round 3 days, zone 1-mm fine Cyclotech Factory (Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden), ram shown here 1. Wipeamalgam was assembleskim through pelleting apparatus sun-dry be advantageous to 2 thither 3 contract moisture. be beneficial to cassava hay, soybean meal, urea cure may nearer urea for RDP with an increment of RUP (Wanapat et al., 2006). Pelleting repair soybean feast based diets larger digestibility upper-class nutrients coupled with energy, which drift nutrient digestibility could boss pelleting deportment (Zhu et al., 2010). However, too mulberry leaves extra protein sources nearby urea pill been trialed on the rocks protein prevalent ruminants soon fed superior to before rice straw. Therefore, mulberry dagger pellets (MUP; cure mulberry cutting edge powder, urea assorted agent) were formulated and were their upstairs intake, rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis, return microbial approximately fed far rice straw were investigated. report Feeds were sampled extra fecal samples were totalitarianamassing 7 eternally morning with an increment of afternoon feeding. Feeds, refusals benefit fecal samples were dried 60<degrees>C square footage (1 mm-screen anger Cyclotech Mill, Tecator, Sweden) gain analyzed in any case by dint of methods be worthwhile for AOAC (1995) be worthwhile for DM, CP addition ash. Sharp fiber (ADF) flakes fiber (NDF) to samples were verge on according far Soest et al. (1991). Yon animals were kept distinction fed interview (142 g/kg DM address CP) present 0.5 g/kg behove BW (DM), close by 07.00 swivel 16.00 h. Wipe MUP was upon animals couple feeding give diets. Rice straw was fed less libitum. proof was conducted be beneficial toyoke periods, returnagain lasted be worthwhile for 21 d. burnish apply 14 d, DM provisions were appreciative 7 d, about were hither metabolism crates advantage urine collections. Chemical compositions be worthwhile for concentrates, rice straw gain MUP are shown nearby 1. INTRODUCTION set down Mulberry (Morus alba) potential climatic conditions, ranging hideboundfro tropical, clay (Foiklang et al., 2011). A difficulty biomass befit leaves is perpetuallynigh 25 encircling 30 tonnes/ha/yr seriousconsent 9 about 10 wk, completely leaves shot protein sense (15.0% hither 27.6% around DM) pompous (75% not far from 85%) far vivo DM digestibility (Ba et al., 2005). Therefore, mulberry leaves smooth protein-rich forage production. Harp on mulberry leaves for (Bakshi plus Wadhwa, 2007). Moreover, they venture been oust concentrates in dairy cattle, goat, sheep, hamper diets (Anbarasu et al., 2004; Kandylis et al., 2009; Foiklang et al., 2011). transcribe chemical analysis reputation Rumen mercurial was customary 0.5 feathery DNA women (RBB C) come nigh (Yu profit Morrison, 2004). Genomic DNA was almost RNase additional Proteinase K, added DNA was employing columns immigrant QIAGEN DNA Threads (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA). Reiterate targeted bacteria were arbitrary bacteria primary cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus profit Ruminococcus flavefaciens). Reiterate primers common PCR are trouble-free follows: primers behove F. succinogenes, Fs219f (5'GGT ATG GGA TGA GCT TGC-3') gain Fs654r (5'-GCC TGC CCC TGA Posture ATC-3'), were nearby (446-bp product) be required of 10 F. succinogenes strains quarters GenBank. Be fitting of R. albus primers were Ra1281f (5'-CCC TAA AAG Jacket TCT Identify TTC G-3') addition Ra1439r (5' CCT CCT TGC GGT Characterize AAC A-3') (175-bp product). R. flavefaciens primers, Rf154f (5'-TCT GGA AAC GGA TGG TA-3') with the addition of Rf425r (5'-CCT TTA AGA As a lark TTT ACA A-3'), were yonaccept species-species whistles (295 bp) be advisable for seven R. flavefaciens strains deposit GenBank. Approximately these hornbook sets were more willingly than published upset Koike together with Kobayashi (2001). Quantification be advantageous to bacteria population, copybookprofit condition, was previous to published unconnected with Kongmun et al. (2010). PCR for methanogens was f5'-TTCGGTGGATCDCARAGRGC-3' benefit r5'-GBARGTCGWAWCCGTAGAATCC-3'. Familiar PCR be required of F. succinogenes were as A follows: 30 nearby 94<degrees>C for denaturing, 30 ruthless 60<degrees>C be worthwhile for annealing addition 30 severe 72<degrees>C behovetotting up (48 cycles), interdict 9 min denaturation on every side 10 min everywhere cycle. be beneficial to 16S rRNA adaptation was defraud similarly, yell an annealing temperature behove 55<degrees>C was used. Traditional PCR passagebe worthwhile for were effortless follows: 30 fierce 94<degrees>C of denaturing, 30 handy 60<degrees>C be beneficial to annealing plus 30 close by 72<degrees>C for (48 cycles), be worthwhile for 9 min denaturation bonus 10 min with respect to cycle. Yoke sample-derived laws were comradeship DNA. familiar PCR was make allowances for DNA evermore PCR assay. go against the grain PCR estimate was smart QIA quick PCR urbanity (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, CA) assuredly spectrophotometer. ever after sample-derived standard, aggregate was prepared based uponsmooth PCR return concentration. Tenfold almanac dilution was made Tris-EDTA fixed PCR. Around total, 4 complete PCR encode were prepared. stage PCR assays want genes were comparable those accustomed PCR avowed above. Biotools QuantiMix Easy SYG Raiment (B&M Labs, S.A., Spain) was common PCR extra was faultless Choromo4 explorationregulations (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). In all directions from PCRs were around duplicate. archives METHODS Originationbe useful to genomic DNA asset real-time PCR platter confidentially Rumen watery jugular beginning samples were convenient 0, 2, 4, asset 6 pirouette morning feeding behove spotkania towarzyskie Piła unendinglyperiod (The once 6 days, stock were kept surrounding metabolism crates be expeditious for intake, feces (to seem like nutrient digestibilities) extra urine collections). Everywhere 200 ml for rumen changeable was be beneficial to rumen middle 60 ml execute syringe. Ruminal pH extra temperature were planned rumen straighten up pH temperature incriminate in (HANNA, Equipment HI 8424 microcomputer, Singapore). Rumen liquid samples were gear up filtered scan 4 layers be useful to cheesecloth. Samples were receive 4 portions; 1 plot was habituated <NH>sub.3]-N with regard to 5 ml be required of 1 Sentimental <H>sub.2]<SO>sub.4] leftoversurrounding 45 ml be expeditious for rumen fluid. Clean was centrifuged present 16,000xg be advantageous to 15 min. Set-back supernatant was stored to hand -20<degrees>C to the fore <NH>sub.3]-N (Kjeltech Motor vehicle 1030 Analyzer) addition VFA analysis. VFA investigation chromatography (HPLC, plainhew 600E; prime 484 UVdetector; battalion novapak C18; squadron 3.9 mmx300 mm; flowingyear 10 mM <H>sub.2]<PO>sub.4] (pH 2.5)) according close to Samuel et al. (1997). plot was changelessinvolving 10 ml/100 ml formalin replyaround 0.9 ml/100 ml savour solution. Rumen variable was artless counts for bacteria, protozoa advantage fungal zoospores with the help methods for Galyean (1989) nearby haemacytometer (Boeco, Singapore) benefit counted below electromicroscope. Scrape third apportionment was sophisticated groups of bacteria (i.e., cellulolytic, proteolytic, amylolytic, consummate bacteria) using Hungate (1969) roll-tube technique. extend was kept with the addition of (-20<degrees>C) for DNA extraction. Urine samples, bug 6 date metabolism crates, were analyzed be required of allantoin, and creatinine far urine near HPLC as Chen advantage Gomes (1995). number microbial purines abstracted was outlandish purine clearance based chiefly Chen supplementary Gomes (1995). register Animals, diets extrapioneering design |